Importance of Trading Market Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: You are required to create an Essay on Use of Statistics. Answer: Presentation There are numerous manners by which we can see that exchanging businesses develop or de develop, there are numerous components answerable for the equivalent anyway with regards to significantly affecting components they are two the fares and imports. At the point when we talk about fares we are really looking at sending our item to the purchasers and when we talk about imports we are really looking at getting their items. In basic words trades speak to autonomy and benefits of any nation or business. Notwithstanding, imports dont speak to misfortunes or reliance in actuality they speak to the enthusiasm of by and large client base and urge to grow additional opportunities of in house creation of that specific item or classification of items. Measurements Today the measurements are in favor however not that much there are numerous reasons of a similar which impacted the market and caused it to procure the overflow of just 1.3 billion (Morien, D. 2007). According to insights in January sends out have fallen by 3% and the imports have ascended by 4% which brought about creation Australian exchange drop to a normal of 2.1 billion per month. It shows that there are numerous items in Australian exchanging industry for which requests are not meeting the provisions (Wegner, T. 2010). There is one progressively side of the coin and that is the organizations can't give the in house options of the imported items. Likewise, there is one increasingly shrouded angle and that is the tax collection on produced incomes which varies from class to classification. There are numerous in house associations which share the additions through high profit installments so this was a tremendous fortune for them and the administration. In any case, if an excepti onally burdened classification is creating incomes disregarding making great benefits, it probably won't produce the development in a way wherein a low burdened class may do. Fall in sends out Coal Iron metal and Gold and silver these are the spines of any exchange industry. There is literally nothing on the planet which stays unaffected when these businesses change their conduct. January was a month of amazements for non-money related gold it indicated a de development of 39%. If you don't mind recollect this is a little however an exceptionally choosing part of Australian Market. Coal and Iron Ore trades were low yet fortunately its terrible impacts were somewhat killed with provincial products industry. Provincial products industry was delivering high numbers for every one of the three months which helped in making the exchanging market development diagram adjusted. Administration sends out additionally did well in the period of Jan and contributed by its not too bad development of 1% (College Board. 2012).There are many concealed factors behind these numbers, Iron Ore and Gold ventures are the ones which can contribute with higher numbers on the off chance that legitim ate creation and filtration of metal stays set up. The misfortunes show plainly that Coal business is inadequate regarding quality or the usage of creation units isn't being done up without limit, absence of labor to press the assets can likewise be one reason. There are numerous manners by which these issues can be vanquished, by expanding the creation and labor. Ascend in Imports Every single general class were indicating an expanding import chart, anyway buyer merchandise classification was demonstrating the most elevated level of 7% expansion (Mathworld, W. 2012). Capital products were additionally up by 3.2% in the period of Jan and 13.6% over all. Another name is of Intermediate merchandise which rose to 3.8% these are the merchandise which businesses use as a creation component. This is the means by which the general exchange advertise details are; luckily there are numerous creations which are progressing nicely Significance of wares ventures It is seen that todays world is increasingly centered around banking and money related ventures anyway a huge degree of monetary speculations rely on creation of different bug and private companies. If it's not too much trouble recall that putting resources into items implies putting resources into creation and after all it is the creation which works with everything. In the event that you break down intently its the creation which produces income to guarantee that financial part gets assets to contribute. This is the manner by which it is increasingly productive to put resources into wares (Enudu, O. T. 2004). Additionally there are various classes and venture choices accessible which whenever clarified obviously will without a doubt pull in the financial specialists. Ventures made in wares will urge the associations to grow further bringing about expanded benefits and more creation than imports. Potential Solutions Since there is no established tone of the market development there are no set equations either, yet we can without a doubt right the self-evident. As a matter of first importance when any association imports essential customer products it obviously reflects two extremely hopeful components of the market. One, the nation is monetarily solid enough to bear the cost of the equivalent and furthermore there is an expanding request of similar items (Creswell, J. 2003). Presently since they are fundamental buyer products they can be fabricated effectively with in the nation too. Not just it will expand the proportion of creation in the nation itself yet in addition will give better approaches for expanded work which brings about a higher level of removal salary skimming in exchanging market (Oyeka ,C .A. 2002). That is the means by which a protected market is sorted out. Dissecting the market drifts and expanding the creation rate is additionally similarly significant and there are times wh en bringing in capital merchandise become a need (Kothari, C. R. 2004). This reality legitimizes the veritable imports made by various associations. Iron metal and coal mining are interrelated and the absence of fare of their items obviously mirrors that there are issues with respect to the usage of assets. With regards to utilizing ware exchange I think the appropriate response lies in expanding the showcasing of speculation plans of wares (Stathopoulos, V. 2012). This will help in making the inhabitants increasingly more mindful with respect to speculations and will urge them to put resources into them. There are numerous manners by which even an ordinary working proficient can pick up while putting resources into the equivalent. In any case, incorporation of some new plans can demonstrate empowering. End There are numerous positive signs accessible in the figures given above; increase in imports plainly mirrors that the market is prepared for an extension. There are numerous manners by which product exchange can contribute anyway the venture advertise requirements to guarantee that they are tapping the correct customers (Gray, J. J. 2012). Additionally, with regards to things like fundamental buyer merchandise it will be superior to the best to do a definite examination of imported classifications and setting up those organizations in-house. References: Morien, D. (2007). Business Statistics, Thomson Learning Nelson. ISBN 978-0-17-013147-6. Wegner, T. (2010). Applied Business Statistics: Juta Academic, Methods and Excel-Based Applications,. Creswell, J. (2003). Examination structure: Qualitative, quantitative and blended strategies approach. (second ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Exploration Methodology: Methods and Techniques. (second Ed.), New Delhi: New Age International Limited. Enudu, O. T. (2004). Prologue to Business Management: Enugu Willy and Johnkens Publications, Oyeka ,C .A. (2002). Components of Applied Statistics, Cidac Publications, Enugu. Mathworld, W. (2012). e. Wolfram Mathword. 07 16. Gotten to 07 16, 2012. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/e.html Stathopoulos, V. (2012). Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster. Aerospace Guide. 06 02. Gotten to 07 22, 2012. https://www.aerospaceguide.net/spaceshuttle/challenger_disaster.html Dim, J. J. (2012). Carl Friedrich Gauss. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Gotten to 08 11, 2012. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/subject/227204/Carl-Friedrich-Gauss. School Board. 2012. How the SAT Is Scored. College Board SAT. Gotten to 07 22, 2012. https://sat.collegeboard.org/scores/how-sat-is-scored

Visual Aids Help Tths Students Improve Their English Education Essay

In Vietnam, English is viewed as the greater part of import outside etymological correspondence, which is instructed as one of the central subjects in schools each piece great as in colleges and is other than utilized the most in imparting among other remote phonetic interchanges. Blending to the Longman vocabulary of phonetic correspondence guidance and applied etymology, English is utilized as a remote semantic correspondence or a second etymological correspondence to pass on with outsiders who talk the English phonetic correspondence in non-English discourse creation states. The English guidance and securing at Thuong Tin High School is non extremely significant in footings of the students ‘ achievement. Especially, the huge concern is for English jargon keeping. At the terminal of the principal term 2009 †2010 only roughly 50 % of the students got a standard of 5 and 6, and simply 8 % got 7 or 8 and the rest of 3 or 4 in the English unwritten preliminary in the 2009 State First Term Examination. These figures have made the educators of English in TT High School feel stressed, they have to see the genuine activity cautiously and occur out the best strategies to better the situation quickly. This hapless achievement is non new however has gone on for mature ages, and at that spot have been numerous things done about it yet the situation has non improved. Understudies have been given overabundance exercises so they have more clasp to design their English, especially English discourse creation exercises, they have been helped a group with change before each preliminary. They have even been furnished with decidedly ready hand-outs of the focuses on which they are heading out to be tried and determined what to larn to make the preliminaries great. In malevolence of what they have been educated and helped to remember, surprising things have still happened, students have non improved their achievement, and the way that most understudies were non extremely adroit in discourse creation and initiation preliminaries which were appeared on the investigation of first term. To occur out which variables are of import in etymological correspondence securing, it is important to hold a nearby articulation at cultural factors each piece great as a figure of mental elements of distinction. Mentalities and intention, confirmation, knowledge, etymological correspondence bent, and phonetic correspondence procurement plans have other than been found to hold a result on semantic correspondence researchers ‘ achievement in their phonetic correspondence securing ( Gardner, 2001 ) . The exploration undertaking took topographic point at Thuong Tin High School situated in Thuong Tin, a town around 30 kilometers from Ha Noi Capital and has been growing truly quick. The individuals have become more extravagant and a major figure of family units have put cash in after school exercises and private coaching for their children in English and different core themes. On the off chance that students and researchers have a five star level of English, they will infer assurance to higher schools of larning and better-paid occupations. English is an of import and required point at about each school in Vietnam. In this way, typically students need to larn English for at any rate 7 mature ages, from grade 6 to rate 12. In numerous schools in metropoliss kids begin larning English in grade 3. There is even a propensity to larn English before straightforward school as their folks accept that the English phonetic correspondence is an utile contributing for their children ‘s henceforth. Most occupations currently require the appliers to hold comprehension of English phonetic correspondence at specific degrees. In spite of the fact that English is instructed from class 3 in grade schools, most secondary school understudies are difficult to peruse an English section easily, converse with one another in English as a discussion, tune in to a short presentation on broadcasting or create a note or even a passage of portrayal in English great. The issue that why most TTHS students have still had low results on discourse creation and forming preliminaries however they have been helped a bunch before preliminaries, and what potential arrangements could be found. The TTHS teachers have had a genuine treatment and arrived at resolution that most TTHS understudies have low English jargon keeping and this has extraordinary effect on their discourse creation and forming preliminaries. Understudies can non talk, tune in, peruse and create English in the event that they do non hold bounty vital English jargon. Be that as it may, what we, teachers, need to make to help our understudies better their English jargon. More things must be done to modify the situation to improve things, and the worries were completed, for example, ; thought process, techniques for guidance and procurement, condition of guidance and obtaining, stuffs and comprehensive of Visual Aids. The characterized answer for this issue was that Using Visual Aids to hel p understudies better English jargon keeping, in light of the fact that the educators accepted that there is no methods of larning jargon superior to seeing the existent things or showed things. Most teachers of English concur that it is difficult for them to hold effective exercises on jargon or imparting without visual AIDSs and understudies will non be straightforward and design in the event that they do non hold certain visual AIDSs for each endeavor since students do non hold bounty important jargon to design. The purpose of this examination is to discover using Ocular Aids helps TTHS understudies improve English jargon and the impacts that visual guidance plans have on the scholastic achievement of TTHS pupils.Research inquiries:How improve English jargon keeping? What impacts do visual guidance plans have on the scholarly achievement of TTHS pupils?LITERATURE REVIEWOcular AIDSsBrown ( 1973:1 ) underlines that using grouping of media, visual AIDSs, will build the opportunity that the students will larn more, hold better what they realize and better their open introduction of the achievements they are relied upon to create. Besides, Finocchiaro ( 1974:63 ) territories that the students will comprehend and hold better when they have been appeared or shown a few articles that partner with it. Instructive experts have recognized the way that understudies who battle in perusing understanding since they may miss the capacity to grok words. Joseph ( 2006 ) acknowledged, â€Å" there are a few assaults to learning word-perusing achievements however hardly any incorporated methodical processs that encourage order, develop expressiveness and lead to keeping of achievements for battling perusers † ( p.803 ) . Understudies who battle in obtaining achievements need explicit mediations to build their understanding degree and word cognizance. These mediations ought to be progressing and happen right off the bat in the securing strategy so as to facilitate the psychological weight at the understudies ‘ current understanding degree and for the accompanying class degree. Utilizing visual AIDSs to elevate English jargon and jargon keeping is a plan that has been investigated and actualized into TTHS English classromms. With the utilization of visual AIDSs, for example, ; solid stuffs or delineated things, understudies could build their English jargon keeping each piece great as they can set up on their jargon to better their discourse creation, forming, tuning in and perusing appreciation achievements. Joseph ( 2006 ) affirmed that understudies will in general be progressively propelled and take to complete assignments and endeavors that contain a few focuses that are known to them and that seem to request lower level of endeavor since they feel sure about their capacity to complete such endeavors. Whenever actualized tolerably, visual AIDSs, which are solid stuffs or delineated things, can do on-going deffernces in students ‘ capacity to peruse with confirmation autonomously and constantly. It is the consistence of jargon interventions that permits the battling understudies to see the jargon footings inside the understanding change on the off chance that they are to spread out their discernm ent of the jargon term. This can do the distinction in their capability of semantic correspondence procurement Dave ( 1975: 10-11 ) other than proposes a portion of the visual AIDSs as follows: Genuine articles and plays with various types, sizes and colourss are utile to draw students ‘ contribution. Genuine articles can be introduced to students by organizations of field outing or passing on the item to the classification for direct perception. Writing slate or chalkboard are sure to be the most utile guidance AIDSs, utilized in the class. They have the upside of providing purposes of going to for the class and they can be utilized for some expectations. Pictures are flashed for a short moment, therfore, the pictures ought to be straightforward and huge adequacy to be seen obviously by each student in the class. Divider diagrams or divider pictures are enormous reports with certain pictures and words, utile for demonstrating jargon to the class. From the record above, non all of media can be applied in the schoolroom ; the teachers need to pick the suitable media that straight identified with the securing strategy. Jargon evaluations ought to other than be utilized for a forerunner to quantify understudies ‘ appreciation. Johnston ( 1997 ) pointed that â€Å" as childen spend increasingly more clasp perusing and origin, numerous modus operandis and normal structures become programmed, getting speed and truly going through an alternate part of the encephalon, done influencing witting endeavors † ( p 145 ) . This is an of import factor if students are to go autonomous of the schoolroom teacher. It is of import to build students ‘ instrument chest of jargon plans. Blending to Haycraft ( 1983: 102 ) learning AIDSs can be utilized for solidifying jargon, rehearsing development and word request or for arrangement of games. Also, learning AIDSs can other than give an incredible guide to the educator in the class. A researcher can non ever effectively lea

Halloween Traditions at US Universities

Halloween Traditions at US Universities Halloween Traditions at US Universities With Halloween quickly approaching, chances are you’re probably planning your Halloween costume as we speak.   It’s well known that the US goes all out for Halloween â€" with trick or treaters at every corner and carved pumpkins lining the streets. However, we bet you don’t know what Halloween traditions are celebrated every year by some of the top universities in the country. Some of them might surprise you! Read on as we take a look at what some of the US’ top universities do to celebrate Halloween. MIT’s annual Pumpkin drop MIT is the top university in the world according to the QS World University Rankings ® 2020 â€" earning top ten scores for its academic reputation and employer reputation, but could MIT also excel in its Halloween traditions? We’ll let you decide. On the evening of the 31st October, a large crowd of MIT students dressed in Halloween costumes gather for the MIT annual pumpkin drop. This is an event in which 100 pumpkins are dropped 90 meters, or 21 floors from the top of the Green Building onto McDermott Court below. If you’re concerned about wastage, don’t worry â€" these pumpkins are ones that were carved a while ago and are going rotten, so would’ve been thrown away anyway, but instead get to be part of this fun tradition. University of Rochester’s Rush Rhees Library Scare Fair At the University of Rochester, there is a ghost called Pete Nicosia who is said to haunt the library. Legend says that Nicosia worked as a mason’s helper when the building was constructed in the late 1920s; while working on the library tower he slipped and fell 150 feet to his death.       Several years later, a student reported a man walking around the roof of the building looking down, who exactly matched the description of Pete Nicosia. Since then there have been several sightings of Nicosia around the library, including in the library stacks, basement and the library tower. Every year on Halloween, the University of Rochester puts on a ‘scare fair’ scavenger hunt. Winners get to visit the library tower, where they take a scary tour through the stacks of books while enjoying cider, donuts and Halloween treats as they go. Georgetown University’s Healy Howl If you’re a fan of scary movies, chances are you’ll have seen (or at least heard of) The Exorcist. What you may not know is that the legendary film was partly shot at Georgetown University. Because of this, since 1973 it has been tradition for students to gather at either Copley Lawn or Gaston Hall every Halloween, where the movie is screened. The movie finishes just before midnight, ‘the witching hour’, and then students head to the local cemetery as part of this Halloween celebration, where at midnight they howl at the moon. It’s said these howls can be heard for miles around. Roanoke College’s Ghost Class While this one isn’t a tradition as such, it’s still pretty cool. Every year on Halloween, Dr Tom Carter hosts a class on paranormal activity, entitled ‘Ghosts and Human Perception’; a class which explores how paranormal activity and people’s perceptions of it has changed across time. The class supposedly teaches students research and collaborative skills, but frankly just sounds like a great excuse for students to go around the haunted Monterey House â€" something they do every year to put their knowledge into practice. Pennsylvania State University’s Pumpkin Festival Every year the Arboretum at Penn State University there is a ‘Pumpkin Festival’ which takes place just before Halloween. A few days before the contest, the university hands out around 1,000 pumpkins in preparation for the event, and submissions must be made before a certain date. The carved pumpkins will then be judged, with award ribbons rewarded for the best three pumpkins in each age category, the best in show, the best pop culture theme, the best Penn State theme and the best Arboretum. There is also family crafts, face painting, a magician and strolling musicians. What’s not to love about this spooky Halloween celebration? UCLA’s All Hill Halloween UCLA’s annual ‘All Hill Halloween’ sees UCLA invite over 2,500 elementary and middle school students from low income backgrounds to dress up and go trick or treating around UCLA’s residence halls. The event offers a safe and friendly space for these children to go trick or treating, where it wouldn’t be safe to do so in their own neighborhoods. The event is enjoyed by children and students alike; with UCLA students decorating their halls and buying lots of sweets for this fun Halloween celebration. ** What are you doing to celebrate Halloween this year? Let us know in the comments below!

The Controversial Theory Of Evolution - 1312 Words

The controversial theory of evolution has been prevalent in the minds of scientists, religious leaders, and those who follow since Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace first made the ideas officially known in 1858. The theory they proposed was that the universe and all organisms within it is constantly changing and adapting to the world around them since the beginning of time. Since Darwin’s and Wallace’s theories were shared, there has been constant disagreement and debate between the science world and the religious world regarding evolution. Some science and religious advocates agree that there is the possibility of both the scientific and religious beliefs on how the world came about co-exiting. However, some religious groups, like†¦show more content†¦One of the many examples that support this idea that organisms evolve and change over time is the finding of the Tiktaalik; though it is an unknown species it has traits that are similar to reptiles, amphi bians, and birds that exist today. Because of fossil findings like the Tiktaalik scientists no longer have doubts about evolution and it’s continuing occurrence (Alberto 2008). In the 20th century, with the development of the science of genetics biologists began understanding the mechanics of how traits are passed down to different generations and how they are altered through the discovery of DNA and its major importance. They learned that parts of DNA from each parent are passed down to the offspring. Mutations of DNA, which cause alterations of species, can also occur when traits are being passed down to the offspring. Mutations in DNA can cause the offspring to have difficulties surviving and eventually lead to the extinction of the species. On the other hand, mutation of DNA can affect the offspring positively and change its traits to be stronger and a better survivor in that certain environment which would eventually lead to a growth in population of the certain species. Mutations in DNA can also be neutral and have no effect of the offspring’s traits. This battle with nature and survival through DNA lead to the foundation of the idea of Natural Selection (Alberto 2008). Natural selection is â€Å"survival of the fittest†, the

Pet Overpopulation Cause and Effect of Homeless Pets Essay

A harmless visit to the neighborhood pet store turns into a ruthless encounter for me. Every Saturday, Pecan (my dog) and I visit a local pet store to purchase food and treats for her. Pecan and I pass by a dozen of shelter volunteers eagerly showcasing homeless dogs before entering the pet store. Shelter volunteers are special because they are willing to devote their Saturday morning to help homeless pets. On the way I stop and great each volunteer and dog, then I walk away emotionally grieving and trying to holding back tears. My sadness soon turns into anger, when I realize I cannot adopt every homeless pet. The pet population is a increasing crisis in America. In this essay I will discuss the cause and effect of homeless†¦show more content†¦If simply one dog procreates and has five puppies, then if those puppies procreate over a lifetime, the one dog and five puppies will proliferate into a multitude of dogs. The reality is that 75% of these dogs will ultimately en d up in shelters and euthanize. Second, breeders are commonly a starting place for perusing a dog. Purebred dogs acquired from breeders frequently have a absurd price tag. What makes a pedigree dog so appealing? Often, advertising, movies, and social status leads to the desire of a pedigree. A purebred dog is purchased from a breeder as a captivating puppy. Tragically, as the puppy blossoms into a adult it will eventually loose its appeal and inadvertently end up in the shelter. Finally, pet ownership is a lifelong commitment. The adoption of a pet legally makes the owner responsible for that pet. Pet ownership is taken too lightly, pet owners are not devoted to their pets. Pet adoption is much like the adoption of a child. A pet requires affection, guidance, food, refuge, and medical care. A child that is not cared for properly will rebel against his/her parents, so will a dog! 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Student Development In Higher Education. Student Development

Student Development in Higher Education Student Development theories provide foundation for higher education and student affairs professions and practices. The theories are applied to help address and understand student needs, design programs, develop policies, create healthy campus climates, and encourage the positive development of students (Patton, Renn, Guido, Quaye, 2016, p. 7). The use of such theories in this case cannot only encourage student growth, but a successful resolution process. Perry s theory of intellectual and ethical development depicts student development through nine positions starting at a place of simplistic interpretation of the world and ultimately developing skills for more complex views due to developed†¦show more content†¦Multiplicity Patton et al. (2016) stated, Perry characterized multiplicity as honoring diverse views when the right answers are not yet known (p. 317). During the positions in this concept, students develop the skills to think analytically, using a combination of independent learning, and growing from a new respect for diverse views and peer knowledge. Professionals at William Mary and the University of Missouri can use facilitated discussions to guide student development into this position of multiplicity and continue to encourage student development. By developing a diverse group to participate in the discussions they can encourage their students intellectual development using the fundamental guidance of Perry s theory ultimately transitioning to the position of relativism. Relativism Student transition from multiplicity to relativism is founded in the student’s ability to recognize that there can be legitimacy to disagreements and that, knowledge is contextually defined, based on evidence and supporting arguments (Patton et al., 2016, p 317). 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Business Communications Corporate Worlds Success

Question: Discuss about the Business Communications for Corporate Worlds Success. Answer: Based on Van Genderens (2013) article, explain how the corporate worlds idea of success defined by the use of I.Q was challenged by the E.I (Emotional Intelligence). In your answer evaluate Golemans (1995, 1998) definitions and characteristics of E.I and determine their validity by using other academic sources on the topic. In the corporate environment as well as in the field of education, candidates are selected concerning their cognitive intelligence(IQ). Genderen, however, in his article explains that the IQ itself is not sufficient in the selecting individuals for a particular position (Dauti-Kadriu 2015). Goleman, in an article he wrote in 1995 declares that one cannot effectively communicate without some level of emotional intelligence (E.I). He claims that communication and interpersonal relationships heavily rely on high levels of emotional intelligence (Downey, Lomas Stough 2014). According to Goleman( 1995), intelligence was measured according to some external traits rather than aspects that were not visible such as emotions. The definition that Goleman adopted in defining success was initially stated by Mayer who claimed that the definition should focus on motivation, interpersonal relationships and other skills and capabilities (Webb, PhD, n.d.). Knowing and understanding ones emotions is a crucial part of becoming successful and is one of the characteristics of emotional intelligence. Ability to recognize ones emotions and determine what message the emotions try to communicate forms the basis of the emotional intelligence (Zhou, Estrada and Bojica, n.d.). Managing the emotions of in an individual is one of the characteristics that Goleman suggests should be used in the measurement of the intelligence and success level of the individual. Other features include; motivating oneself, recognizing emotions in other people as well as handling ones emotions. Other researchers have defined emotional intelligence as the capacity of one to be aware of, control and manage as well as express their feelings and their ability to relate to other people with empathy. Van Genderen (2013, p.5) claims that Emotional Intelligence has a vital role in communicating effectively. Using other appropriate academic sources as well as readings used in class, explain how active listening and assertiveness can be applied to improve the flow of formal organisational communication. Emotional intelligence is the center of interpersonal relationships and hence contributes a lot in the effective communication (Schutte Malouff 2016). Since every communication is made possible by two or more different people, each with different cognitive intelligence levels, emotional intelligence comes in handy to ensure that there are no conflicts in the communication. The basis of emotional intelligence is the understanding of ones emotions as well as the emotions of other people and hence implementing emotional intelligence would contribute to the active listening of the parties involved in the communication (Alessandra 2006). Empathy which is one of the contributors of good communication is the core of emotional intelligence and hence if put in place, there would be effective communication in between two or more people. In organizations, the managers and the leaders need to communicate with the subordinates on issues that affect the company as well as those that affect the individuals (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee 2002). For the communication to be effective and successful, the managers need to employ the emotional intelligence. By using this approach in the communication, the leaders can listen actively, and since they understand the emotions of the subordinates, they can understand the grievances and the points of views of those under them in the rank. By the use of emotional intelligence in communications and discussions, the participants are given a chance to be as assertive as they can as they express their points of view (Schutte Malouff 2016). Assertiveness is based on mutual respect and hence would provide an allowance of active listening and effective communication in the long run. Van Genderen (2013) refers to three elements of Aristotelian rhetoric: ethos, pathos and logos. By using relevant academic resources, explain, and evaluate how these three elements can be effectively used in professional oral presentations. In your answer, also address the intercultural element of oral presentation by using a chosen (one) model of intercultural communication. Ethos, pathos, and logos are three pillars of good and effective communication. The three are the main things that one should ensure to focus on in their oral presentation so as to make sure that the audience understands and accept their message (Anholt 2006). For ones message to be appealing to the readers, ethos, pathos, and logos must be incorporated in the presentation. Ethos is a term used to refer to the credibility of the speaker and can also be used to refer to the character of the presenter or the speaker. Before the audience accepts the message, they have to take the speaker as a credible person (Stockwood Spiro 2005). The audience must accept the speaker as a trustworthy, respectable and of good character. Once the audience is acquainted with the credibility of the speaker, they can listen to and understand the message. Pathos is the aspect of emotionally connecting with the audience. A professional oral presentation should incorporate the appeal for the emotions of the audience for it to be effective (Klein n.d.). The speaker can use metaphors, similes or even analogies that would appeal the emotions of the audience and make them understand his or her message better. Logos is a synonymous term to logical argument. For a presentation to be effective in passing the intended message to the audience, there has to be a logical flow of ideas which eventually creates a logical and a sensible argument. The Four Distances Model of Intercultural Communication focuses on how relational distance can affect communications (Christians Nordenstreng n.d.). Misunderstandings and incommunicability arise when the two parties involved have the feelings of closeness and distance between them. In oral presentations, the message is more efficiently passed if there is a sense of closeness between the speaker and the audience. References Alessandra, A. (2006). Emotional intelligence. [Place of publication not identified]: Team Publications Worldwide Center for Organizational Development. Andrews, L. (2004). Emotional intelligence. New York: F. Watts. Anholt, R. (2006). Dazzle 'em with style. Philadelphia: Elsevier Academic Press.Barlow, B. (2002). Christians, C. and Nordenstreng, K. (n.d.). Communication theories in a multicultural world. Dauti-Kadriu, M. (2015). Emotional Intelligence and its Relation to Job Success. ILIRIA International Review, 5(2), p.77. Downey, L., Lomas, J. and Stough, C. (2014). Scholastic success: Fluid intelligence, personality, and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 60, p.S21. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press Klein, g. (n.d.). On the rhetoric of GMOs. Ethos, Logos and Pathos. Ryan, M. (2005). Extraordinary oral presentations. New York: Franklin Watts. Schutte, N. and Malouff, J. (2016). Comment on Developments in Trait Emotional Intelligence Research: A Broad Perspective on Trait Emotional Intelligence. Emotion Review. Stockwood, D. and Spiro, D. (2005). Ethos, pathos, and logos. Toronto, ON: Irwin Law. Webb, PhD, K. (n.d.). Emotional Intelligence and Business Success. SSRN Electronic Journal. Zhou, H., Estrada, I. and Bojica, A. (n.d.). The Role of Emotional Intelligence on Entrepreneurss Perception of Success. SSRN Electronic Journal.

The Red Scare (1069 words) Essay Example For Students

The Red Scare (1069 words) Essay The Red ScareIn the 1940s and 1950s a massive strike of paranoia struck the US after The Second World War. This scare included millions of people being blacklisted and wrongfully accused of being communist sympathizers. Hollywood was politically attacked by an organization known as HUAC, or The House Un-American Activities Committee, and singled-out as propagandists and red sympathizers. The mass paranoia and state of chaos was only fed when a man named Joseph McCarthy saw an opportunity for political gain. Riots filled the streets. Labor strikes fell upon factories and the era of McCarthyism came into existence during this period of time in which we know as, The Red Scare.World War II was a war that took place, respectively, from 1939 1945. During this war, the rise of Communism in Russia had just sparked. America and other 1st world countries saw Russia become a new world power and sent fears into others. One particular fear was the expansion of communism and fifth columnists, als o known as spies in the government?s establishment. The Truman Doctrine that was announced in 1947, proclaimed that, any advance of Communism, anywhere in the world, was a threat to the national interests of the United States (quoted in Mack). This, according to Clayton, was the official start of the Cold War. We will write a custom essay on The Red Scare (1069 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now During the beginning of this new era, a new fear broke out in the societies of the United States. This was the fear of the secrets of nuclear fusion being stolen, or already had been, and that a nuclear holocaust was just around the corner. ?This was greatly associated with the idea of Russian spies or Fifth Columnists were in the American governments establishment, stealing secrets and planning world domination? (Shmoop, 10). The fear of this was mainly upheld by government officials who sought a traitor in the mist. As time progressed, the paranoia only grew. An association arose known as the House of Un-American Activities Committee, or the HUAC. This particular committee believed that communists had taken over Hollywood and that the movies being written and produced were actions of communist propaganda and feared that the American society was being brainwashed. Over 60 thousand actors, writers and directors were convicted as communist sympathizers by this committee and thus began Blacklisting (EDhelper, 09). HUACs blacklisting caused men and women all over the US to lose there jobs and even forced some to leave the nation. It meant that their professional reputation was destroyed, and that no one would hire them for fear of being thought a communist,? said Barbara Mack, an Historical Expert on the Red Scare. As more and more people were blacklisted, trials were held on national television broadcast. ?The exploitation of these people caused fear in Hollywood, and many people stopped writing, and even left the country. They even questioned 10-year-old Shirley Temple. said Mack. This is the epitome of true paranoia. One man in particular, Joseph McCarthy a republican in senate, noticed the chaos and exploitation going on in the US and saw a opportunity to gain political power and rep by joining in on the blacklisting effort. McCarthys witch-hunt began in 1950 when he announced he had a list of 205 known communists employed by the state department. (Ranzer, 07) This immediately led to a jump in paranoia and fueled the entire Scare. McCarthy?s Era was told to be started at 1950 and it caused hundreds of people to lose there jobs, ruin family ties, and destroy lives. However his reign wouldn?t last. McCarthys own undoing began when he leveled his accusations against the United States Army. said Ranzer. This started when McCarthy insulted the American Army and the public. Trying to find a way out of this, he simply screamed Communists and the public widely saw his charges were never proven, and thus began to discredit him and he soon fell from popularity. .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c , .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c .postImageUrl , .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c , .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c:hover , .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c:visited , .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c:active { border:0!important; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c:active , .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud034126d4786c18a4be56f475b9c748c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Puritans EssayFinally McCarthy was tried and was given a formal Censure, stating that his actions were inappropriate and further stated that he was contemptuous and reprehensible. According to Ranzer, On December 2, the senate voted 67 to 22 to censure McCarthy for inappropriate conduct of a senator. and removed him from office. McCarthy?s response to this was recorded as such. I feel no different tonight than I did last night. I am very happy to have this circus ended, so that we can get back to the work of digging out communism, corruption, and treason in government. That job will start officially Monday morning, after 10 months of forced inaction (quoted in Ranzer). Showing his arrogance and that he plans tocontinue to get rid of the domestic communist threat. This obviously did greatly stop the Red Scare however, HUAC trialscontinued for a short period of time. Mack believes that the government reform groups suffered from the damage during the McCarthy era and that they wereoften accused of being communist supporters, and support for reform waveredand that fewer social reforms were passed and people no longer wanted to becalled a communist, and America?s poor suffered for it. The Red Scare greatly impacted the US. In Claytons book, ?America,Pathways to the Present? it states that it caused the Social Democratic party to split into two Dixie-Cats, southern Democrats which later becameReagan?s Republican party, and caused a serious change in media due to the blacklisting efforts. In fact Mack believes that This hunt for scapegoats is a dark spot on America?s history. People?s lives were ruined. Some committed suicide and some left the country. The national anthem calls this the land of the free. People here are allowed to hold any belief that they want. Joe McCarthy forgot that. All of America forgot that during the Senate hearings, and we are still paying for it today. With that being said its clear that this was an extreme event in United States history. Works CitedClayton, Perry, Reed, Wrinkler. A Republican Decade America, Pathways to the Present. Prentice Hall. Needham, Massachusetts. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. ISBN 0-13-181547-4. Pearson Education Inc. ,2005EDHelper. Blacklistings Education Resources. www.edhelper.org/blacklistings.html. ,2009Mack, Barbara. Affects of McCarthyism Essortment.com. www.essortment.com/all/mccarthyismred_rmfw.htm. ,2002Ranzer, Marci. The Red Scare Encyclomedia. www.encyclomedia.com/mccarthyism.html. ,2007Shmoop University. Cold War: McCarthyism Red Scare Terms Shmoop UniversityTeacher Resources. www.shmoop.com/mccarthyism-red-scare/terms.html. ,2010

Free Essays on Walden

Context Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts on July 12, 1817, the third child of John Thoreau and Cynthia Dunbar Thoreau. The freethinking Thoreaus were relatively cultured, but they were also poor, making their living by the modest production of homemade pencils. Despite financial constraints, Henry received a top-notch education, first at Concord Academy and then at Harvard College in nearby Cambridge, Massachusetts. His education there included ancient and modern European languages and literatures, philosophy, theology, and history. Graduating from Harvard in 1837, Thoreau returned to Concord to teach in the local grammar school, but resigned abruptly in only his second week on the job, declaring himself unable to inflict corporal punishment on misbehaving pupils. In the ensuing months, Thoreau sought another teaching job unsuccessfully. It was around this time that Thoreau met Ralph Waldo Emerson, a prominent American philosopher, essayist, and poet who had recently mo ved to Concord. The friendship between the two would eventually prove the most influential of Thoreau’s life. The following June, Thoreau founded a small progressive school emphasizing intellectual curiosity over rote memorization, and after a period of success for the school, his brother John joined the venture. After several years, John’s failing health and Henry’s impatience for larger projects made it impossible to continue running the school. During this period, Thoreau assisted his family in pencil manufacturing, and worked for a time as a town surveyor. He also began to keep an extensive journal, to which he would devote considerable energy over the next twenty-five years. His writing activities deepened as his friendship with Emerson developed and as he was exposed to the Transcendentalist movement, of which Emerson was the figurehead. Transcendentalism drew heavily on the idealist and otherworldly aspects of English and Ge... Free Essays on Walden Free Essays on Walden Context Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts on July 12, 1817, the third child of John Thoreau and Cynthia Dunbar Thoreau. The freethinking Thoreaus were relatively cultured, but they were also poor, making their living by the modest production of homemade pencils. Despite financial constraints, Henry received a top-notch education, first at Concord Academy and then at Harvard College in nearby Cambridge, Massachusetts. His education there included ancient and modern European languages and literatures, philosophy, theology, and history. Graduating from Harvard in 1837, Thoreau returned to Concord to teach in the local grammar school, but resigned abruptly in only his second week on the job, declaring himself unable to inflict corporal punishment on misbehaving pupils. In the ensuing months, Thoreau sought another teaching job unsuccessfully. It was around this time that Thoreau met Ralph Waldo Emerson, a prominent American philosopher, essayist, and poet who had recently mo ved to Concord. The friendship between the two would eventually prove the most influential of Thoreau’s life. The following June, Thoreau founded a small progressive school emphasizing intellectual curiosity over rote memorization, and after a period of success for the school, his brother John joined the venture. After several years, John’s failing health and Henry’s impatience for larger projects made it impossible to continue running the school. During this period, Thoreau assisted his family in pencil manufacturing, and worked for a time as a town surveyor. He also began to keep an extensive journal, to which he would devote considerable energy over the next twenty-five years. His writing activities deepened as his friendship with Emerson developed and as he was exposed to the Transcendentalist movement, of which Emerson was the figurehead. Transcendentalism drew heavily on the idealist and otherworldly aspects of English and Ge...

Reading respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reading respond - Essay Example What led to these deaths is probably one of the most frequently asked questions relating to this story. Why were these individuals ready and willing to take this risky transition from Mexico to the United States? These are questions that this review gradually reveals answers to them step by step. The U.S government would define and differentiate illegal immigrants in a number of ways. Those who were found to have gained access to the country without proper and legit authorization as well as inspection were clearly breaking the laws and had put up in the country illegally. Similarly, any individual who had prior gained access to the country, but for whatsoever reason stayed beyond the legally authorized time and without any formal notice or communication to the ruling authorities; this was breaking of the law that was thoroughly to be punished. So was any individual found guilty of abuse or breaking of the terms that facilitated his or her legal entry to the country. He or She was ans werable to charges, and would be up for prosecution in some of the highest ruling courts in the States. With the level of hardships experienced by close-to-border dwellers, it was almost impossible for any particular group to lack involvement in some of these cases, and in a desperate move to survive, even the most extreme of measures were taken, just like the late 12 only that, not all would be lucky to get away with it. The trail referred to as â€Å"The Devils Highway† runs from Mexico to Yuma proving to have a 130-miles stretch that is the most difficult section of the trail. Temperatures in this zone soar to high magnitudes of about 120 degrees Fahrenheit only making it more difficult for any human inhabitation in these hostile temperatures. According to research, on average, a human residing or on transit along these harsh terrain requires at least, two gallons of water to survive. This fact only made the survival chances for the twelve victims slimmer. Luis Alberto Urr ea focuses on individual subjects of this tragedy, as well as the various circumstances that resulted to making the risky and unfortunate decision to cross the border, having prior knowledge about the risk behind this transition that would later result to their untimely deaths. It is important to go through the various aspects that the author analyzes. One major issue includes that of illegal immigration that is more or less what the immigrants in this case were up to. If only the victims in this unfortunate case of The Devils Highway deaths had tried other means to get into their destined destination other than sneaky and illegal entry, maybe the result would have been different. It is however clearly known that due to the many strict restrictions by the U.S government governing entry into the country as well as exit, then maybe an alternative to their mode of entry, most especially the route followed would have been less risky, and consequently, there would have been no casualties as opposed to what happened. The story by Urrea invests the readers in learning of issues that would have facilitated the happening of this unfortunate occurrence such as the attitude of native American tribes at the time and the issue of increased

Atmospheric Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Atmospheric Pollution - Essay Example However, though there has been a wider appreciation of the urgency and importance of the issue, there is also a realization that there is a need to understand the geological implications and indications of atmospheric pollution and the contemporary challenges of developing transnational solutions (Shotbolt et al, 2005; Akimoto. 2003). Atmospheric pollution, or more popularly termed air pollution, is described to be as the introduction of particulates, chemicals and organisms that can diminish its quality to sustain biology or impair the environment (Maitre et al, 2006; Zhang et al, 2007; Bearchell et al, 2005). It should be noted however, the hazard attributed to the â€Å"pollution† is exclusive to human perspective (Smith, 2003). Gauci and associates (2004) point out that such perceived negative conditions may have been essential in the development of mineral deposits such as methane or as pointed out by Zhang and associates (2007), merely a fator in the geological geneiss of the earht’s atmosphere. Researches have indicated a global deterioration of vegetation, weather conditions and manageability, increased toxicity of water and soil as well as increase of prevalence and persistence of various pathogens to air quality deterioration (Maitre et al, 2006; Smith, 2003; Gauci et al, 2004; Bearchell e t al; 2005; Loupa et al; 2007). They point out that regardless of how seemingly confined air conditions maybe, the very nature of it implies that it will impact the world as whole eventually. Indirectly it has also impacted agriculture, which in turn has affected the quality of food sustainability of farming operations (Smith, 2003). In the research conducted by Maitre and associates (2006), they concluded that air pollution can directly impact the development of coronary heart disease not only as a consequence of respiratory conditions developed. In a similar manner, there has been a greater incidence of allergies, particularly young children, that has been

An Analysis Of Drug Dealing Criminology Essay

An Analysis Of Drug Dealing Criminology Essay A drug is a substance that influences biological processes is too inclusive. Broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage. Definition may be more or less useful according to a specific setting or context. For drugs three such contexts come to mind: medical utility, psycho activity and illegality. The medical utility definition regards a drug as a substance that is used by physicians to treat the body or mind .Obviously, the medical definition contains both an objective and a subjective element. In order for a drug to be used medically, we assume that it does something to the body that is, it acts as a healing agent. This is its objective reality. But in addition a drug has to be recognized as therapeutically useful by physicians, which may not take place even if it works as a therapeutic agent. Controversy may exist with respect to whether some drugs are medically useful. For instance as of this writing, marijuana is recognized and legitimated as medicine in 10 states but not the other 40 and it is not so recognized by the federal government , heroin can be used as a painkiller in the United kingdom but not in the United states. This is the subjectively or socially constructed side of the medical definition of how drugs are defined. For explaining drug dealing I am using thre e different theories which we have discussed in the course term one. Three theories are 1) The classical school, 2) The Chicago school and 3) subcultures. The classical school: The central themes of the Classical school are not really part of Criminology. The classical school was largely inspired by the notion that society was governed by a social contract. This emphasised the importance of free will so that criminal behaviour was the result of a rational choice. Society had the rights to punish offenders and it was considered that doing so would have a different effect. In the eighteenth century so called classical thinking emerged largely in response to the arbitrary and cruel forms of punishment that continued to dominate. Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham two of the most important enlightenment thinkers in this area through coming from very different philosophical position. Both sought to limit the barbarity of eighteenth century system of justice. Beccarias general theorem is that a punishment may not be an act of violence of one or of many against a private member of society, it should be public immediate and necessary the least possible in the case given p roportionate to the crime and determined by the laws  [1]  . Successful deterrence in Beccaries view first of all required punishment to be certain. The more likely one is to be punished for ones action, the less likely one is to engage in deviant behaviour. The law must be clear and must be enforced consistently. Second, the swiftness of the punishment also has a positive impact on the violation of rules .Third, the severity of the punishment must be significant enough to deter further misconduct but no more severe than is necessary to bring about the effect  [2]  . Although the drug is used for some purposes benefit to the society like as medical purpose but the misuse pf drug can be traced in the human society from earlier. It has a great destructive effect on the society particularly on the young society as they are the most vulnerable victims of so called drug dealing. The impact of drug dealings plays a very dominant rule on the society as the abuse of misuse of drug i s capable of affecting the route on the society. The increasing impact of misuse of drug can be found in different society and in different part of the world. So drug dealing is widely recognised as an offence under different jurisdiction in the world. We should have paid more concern relating to the matter of that, how can we deal with this problem of misuse of drug. On the one hand we must ensure that proper punishment of the offenders, where as this is also important to ensure all basic rights of the offender as per direction of classical school and other theories. An offender must not be punished for others act. The law relating drug dealing must be clear and must be enforce consistently .However we need to keep it in our mind that our purpose not to punish and punish against the offenders. But put an impact of this punishment on the society thats why the people can understand easily what would happen if they commit any crime. According to the Beccaria: the end of punishment therefore is no others than to prevent the criminal from doing further injury to society and to prevent others from committing the like offence. Such punishments therefore and such a mode of inflicting them ought to be chosen as will make the strongest and most lasting impression on the minds of others with the least torment to the body of the criminal. British philosopher Jeremy Bentham adopted some of the ideas from the classical approach to punishment. He regarded our own system of punishment s as illogical and called for the introduction of a more precise and wholly enforced criminal code of 1792.Benthams theory is that human behaviour is generally directed at maximising pleasure and avoiding pain. Individuals broke the law, he felt in order to gain excitement, money, sex or something else that was valued. There were some difference s between Beccaria and Bentham. Both rejected the death penalty, through Bentham argued that it could be used in cases of murder arguing that in almost all cases its negative consequence outweighed any positive ones that might ensue. Bentham was a firm believer in the efficacy of the prison. According to Bentham the social action should be guided by the objective of ensuring the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Since misuse of drug is destructive of the whole society, so this is a criminal offence and not merely an offence against morality. This why the punishment of drug dealer must be ensured in such a manner which can be cited as a good example for society . A gain as like as Beccaria punishment are viewed by Bentham as essentially negative and they, therefore, must be restricted so as only to produce desired outcome. The punishment should be proportionate o the crime committed and must not be exceeding the limit to the crime committed. The Chicago school: In the 1930s a branch of urban sociology often referred to as the Chicago school of human ecology opened up a new approach to explaining crime. This school grew from the ideas of Robert park, who suggested there were parallels between communities of human and those of plants and animals. Park adopted some of his central concepts from biology .Chicago university has a special place in the history of criminology. Chicago was Americas second largest city and it was undergoing rapid and significant change. Half of the population of Chicago in 1900 has been born outside the USA.A city compromised several natural areas with characteristics blended from their ethnic composition, socio economic make up and physical surrounding. Patterns of change in the city paralleled changes in balance of nature. They were influenced by economic competition for space and the urban environment was affected by a process of invasion, dominance and succession. Park viewed the human population in American citie s as being migratory rather than fixed. Two members of the Chicago Shaw and Henry Mckay developed the ecological model using it as the basis for a wide ranging study of juvenile delinquency in Chicago and other American cities. For Chicago they divided the city into 140 areas of one square mile each and mapped the residences of recorded delinquents. They also divided Chicago into concentric zones and calculated the percentage of the juvenile population resident in the areas and zones. Shaw and Mckay suggested that community problems were concentrated close to the centre of the citys centre core and rates declined radically. The highest rates occurred in areas where buildings were in decay where economic status was lowest and where there were greater concentrations of recently arrived families similar results were found in American. Chicago law school represent one of the most dynamic theory of modern criminology. The finding the shaw and Mckey subjected that community problems were concentrated close to the centre of the city. The highest rate of diligence residence was found close to the city canter core and rules declined residence. According to shaw and Mckey the socio economic condition place a dominant rule behind any kind of offence. However the authenticity of this statement can also be found at a close look in the shaws and Mckeys theory . The tendency to commit any drug related offence is higher in poor and urban society than residential area. A s we know over 80% of total production of opium is being produce in Afghanistan where the socio economic condition is so poor. They are suffering from hunger and poverty which produce a fertile land for growing opium. A close attention may also reveal that potential customer of illegal drugs is much higher in the cities and the urban area rather than in residen tial area. The authenticity of this argument is proven by Shaw and Mckeys theory. Chicago law school theory also confirmed the process of invention dominance, succession is said to lead to break down of social equilibrium. Subcultures: The sub cultural explanation offered by Cloward and Ohlin extends part of Mertons theory and also incorporates some aspect of cultural transmission . Cloward and Ohlin considered that many young boys would suffer from problems of adjustment and frustrated ambition. Some would look for deviant solution .Cloward and Ohlin added a new perspective to strain theory by suggesting that access to illegitimate opportunities was unevenly distributed. As a result the types of delinquency and of associated subcultures in which those youth participated would be largely determined by the opportunities presented in the communities where they lived. Cloward and Ohlin said there were three types of delinquent subculture. Firstly, the criminal subculture: This would be found in working class areas where there was already a developed structure of illegitimate opportunities. It was mainly concerned with theft for profit. Secondly, the conflict subculture: This would develop in areas which lacked legitim ate and illegitimate opportunity structures and which were socially disorganised. Delinquent activities would resolve around gang fights. Thirdly the retreatist or double failure subculture: This subculture would be adopted by youths, looking for a deviant solution who did not become involved in one of the other subcultures because of internalised inhibitions or because they tried to do so but failed. Activities were mostly concerned with the use of drugs. An important point about Cloward and Ohlins theory is that for them a delinquent group was one which had delinquency as a central activity. Toby suggest that if they were right gang delinquency would account for less than a tenth of juvenile prosecutions in America. Now if someone asks a question that is, who is the major victim of so called drugs dealing? Obviously the answer is young people of the society. It has already made clear by cloward and ohlin theory, whereby it was stated that the young boys would suffer from problems of adjustment and frustrated ambition. And as a result they could be influenced to take drugs. The cloward and ohlin added a new perspective to strain theory by suggesting that access to illegitimate opportunities was unevenly distributed. As a result the types of delinquency and of associated subcultures in which those youth participated would be a largely determined by the opportunities presented in the communities where they lived. So this frustration about life would lead the young people to commit any crime including drug related crime and misuse of drug. It has been found in the long running Gang history in America whereby a large number of youth involved of taking illegal drugs and misuse of drugs. Drug use can be a problem to the society in two ways : objectively and subjectively .The objective or essentialist perspective defines social problems by the harm that certain condition inflict on the society death , disease, economic cost , a reduction in productivity and so on. The subjective or constructionist perspective defines social problems by the concern certain condition cause and the steps society takes to deal with them. Thus drug use the consumption of alcohol and tobacco included, are problems to society because they harm their users and the rest of us as well .And drug use is also a problem to society because many people fear and are concerned about the consumption of psychoactive substances and try to do something about reducing its extent, through legislation, law enforcement, treatment, media representations, prevention and education. The drug control system of the League of Nations was inherited by the United Nations (UN).   The World Health Organization (WHO) participation is based on a statutory responsibility for evaluating drugs for control.   UN drug control organizations underwent a variety of iterations as new pharmaceutical drugs came to market and natural drugs came under international drug control.   The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is currently the lead UN drug control organization.   UNODC has approximately 350 staff members worldwide  [3]  . Licensing and regulating the drugs trade would require international agreement to work effectively, with purchase of drugs at source from producers in developing countries. The Uk could go it alone and licence domestic cultivation and supply ,although there will always be a demand for higher quality cannabis resins (e.g. Moroccan Pollen, Charas , Nepalese, Minali etc), although this could partially be supplied by ( potentially very high potency) resins produced from domestic plants  [4]  . The financial effects of legislation and regulation of the drugs trade would have benefits in excise duty VAT, general economic growth and expenditure savings, with modest additional expenditure required to establish a regulatory authority and give the regulator effective teeth to tackle abuse of the system. Biblography: 1. Newburn, T (2009), Key reading s in Criminology, Culmcott , William. 2. Maguire, Morgan Reiner, M, R R (2002),The oxford handbook of Criminology, Cornwall, Oxford. 3. Goode, E (2005), Drugs in American Society, New York, The McGraw-Hill Companies. 4. Gossop, M (1996), Living with Drugs, England, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 5. Illegal Drug Trade, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade, 03-02-10. 6.Matthew J Atha BSc MSc LL.B, Taxing the UK Drugs Market , http://www.idmu.co.uk/oldsite/pdfs/Taxing%20the%20UK%20Drugs%20Market.pdf ,03-02-10. 7.Drug policy around the World, http://www.drugpolicy.org/global/ungass/history, 02-02-10.

TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Essay -- Television Media Pa

TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Today’s children are unique in many ways from previous generations, but perhaps the most influencing on our young children today is Television advertisements. "In 1997, the nation’s estimated 34 million children age 12 and under will have spent or influenced spending of a record $500 billion" (Horovitz 1997). There is obviously a great deal of interest in this subject, many books have been written, and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising on children. In the following paragraphs we will look at some of the reasons why we advertise to children, some different positive and negative effects of TV advertisement on children, how people can cut through the hype of TV ads and pick good things for their children. Why Do We Advertise to Children? Today, everywhere we go we see some type of advertising. A sale at the supermarket or a billboard for a radio station, are two of the many forms of advertisement. Currently, advertisements that target children are very controversial. Marketers choose children because they can easily lure them in. Advertisers spent $105.97 billion in 1980. This number more than doubled in 2001 when it reached $230 billion (Laws, 2003). In the year 2000, the Census reported 105 million househ0olds in America, meaning advertisers spend an average of $2,190 on one household per year. Advertisers spend this much money because of television. The average child sees an estimate of more than 20,000 commercials every year - that works out to at least 55 commercials per day (Laws, 2003). Children will insist their parents purchase what they see or hear on television. In the 1960's, children had an influence on about $5 billion of their par... ...ront Outlook is Grim.† Advertising Age 72. 11 (2001) : 3 McDonald, Marci and Lavelle, Marianne. â€Å"Call it Kid-fluence.† U.S. News & World Report 131. 4 (2001) : 32 Pine, Karen J and Nash, Avril. â€Å"Dear Santa: The Effects of Television Advertising on Young Children.† International Journal of Behavioral Development 26. 6 (2002) : 529 The American Heritage College Dictionary. Boston: American Heritage, 2002 NYBOR,LLC (1996-2002) Available online: http://www.robynsnest.com/toysafety.htm. McNeal, James (2001). Quoted in McDonald M, Lavelle M. Call it kid-fluence. U.s. News & World Report, July 30, 2001, p.32.Strasburger, Victor C. (2001, June). Children and TV advertising: Nowhere to run, nowhere to hide. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 22, 185. Education Digest (2000, January). Junk-food marketing goes elementary. p, 32.

Impact of Wars on Military Society: The Soldiers and their Families Essay

Wars have been part of human history. What shaped the society that is perceived in this time is a result of conflicts and rivalries that occurred in the past. In almost all places on earth, the scars of war and of battle continue to be seen and commemorated. People are divided in this concept of war. For some, it is a way of life and a means of achieving peace and promoting security in the homeland. For some, it is a conflict of opposing forces where nobody wins, but rather, results into crises and extreme loss of life. Publicists have various definitions on war. According to a book entitled, â€Å"On War† written by General Carl Von Clausewitz, war is simply defined as nothing but a duel between two opposing forces but in an extreme scale. It is a struggle between two sides, whose aim is to apply physical force and compel the opponent to surrender and submit, as well as render him unable to engage in further resistance. It is an act of violence towards another in order to fulfill one’s will (2008). Basically, in war, there is violence. Thus, there is always the possibility of death to even an immense scale. In times of war, a lot of elements are affected such the economy, security, the family, and most importantly, the soldiers themselves. During World War II, there were seemingly immeasurable number of deaths both from the allied forces and the axis powers. The event shook the world and created chaos in various countries around the world. Economies crumbled and government policies were disorganized. In the military society, a large number of soldiers were lost that left their families with trauma to even psychological disorders. This paper discusses these impacts of war on the military society, particularly on the soldiers themselves, as well as their families. Because of the advancement in technology and the increasing lethalness of military weapons, a posing threat emerges for individuals who are deployed in warfare. The environment has become more aggressive. The Effect of War on Soldiers In every war, the most proximate effects are felt by the soldiers. The disorder now called as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder had its roots in World War II. Back then the condition was referred to as battle fatigue. Although cases of the condition were already reported ever since the Civil War, the occurrences were very minimal because of the conflict was waged within the soldiers’ own country. Other than that, the weapons used during that time were not as sophisticated as the weapons in the 21st century. During the First World War, this condition was also evident when the Germans introduced â€Å"gas† warfare. However, it was only during the Second World War that information regarding this condition was widely known (Chermol, 9). During World War II, the most common condition was the mild and non disabling battle fatigue. During initial combat operations, dramatic but transient battle fatigue was eminent. More intense cases were referred to as â€Å"Old Sergeant’s Syndrome† which includes physical and psychological burnout that lasted months after combat (10). For the marines and the aviators, the symptoms of battle fatigue they experienced consisted of increased emotionality, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and exaggerated startled response to sudden movements or noises along with some physical complaints (10). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder became the most common disorder in the military since after its recognition. In a report by the Washington Post dated May 27, 2008, the number of cases for PTSD jumped dramatically to 50 percent in 2007 on US troops. This is because of the military buildup that existed in Iraq and the high level of violence in Afghanistan. According to the report, around 40, 000 troops were already diagnosed with the condition since the year 2003. In a statement, the officials said that there may be more because some military personnel simply refuse to reveal their condition. According to experts, many troops suffer from the symptoms of PTSD, particularly on stress. These include nightmares and flashbacks. They stated that these symptoms can be cured if the treatment is early (Jelinek). PTSD, along with other mental conditions was prevalent in military personnel. In the United States, PTSD was common among military personnel because of longer exposures to combat. In the recent years, as supported by the news article of Washington Post, the number of cases increased because of the increased military activity the country is involved in. The government has been involved in almost all wars since after WWII. Such wars include the Korean War, Vietnam War, the Gulf War, War on Afghanistan, and in Iraq. Soldiers had more combat exposures and some were even sent to two consecutive campaigns. The result is more soldiers deployed in hostile areas and longer combat exposure, increasing the risk of psychological and mental disorders. In an article written by Christine Liddell and Jennifer Kemp in the book â€Å"The Psychological effects of war and violence on children†, they pointed out that the effects of war does not necessarily mean that the soldiers have to be adults. The majority of armed conflicts since the 1970s have happened in the African continent. In most of these conflicts, the effects on children have not yet been documented. The situation in these areas is serious because of the fact that the armed conflict in Africa, children and the youth has found themselves in the front line and participates in the struggle (Leavitt). The only thing that may protect soldiers from experiencing stress leading to psychological disorders while in the front line is hardiness. Paul T. Bartone of the U.  S Military Academy at West Point, New York conducted a study on hardiness being a protection against war-related stress in the army reserve forces. After the Cold War, the number of military personnel has slowly decreased, putting great importance on reserve and National Guard units in the United States. The study explored the personality hardiness as a potential protection among army reserve personnel mobilized for the Persian war. Results of regression analysis showed that hardiness interacted with both combat-related stress and stressful life events. The results suggested that hardiness protects against the negative effects of stress. The study produced a number of implications for military personnel that encounter various types of stress such as battle fatigue and separation from their families (Bartone). On Military Families For every soldier that is deployed in the battle field, there is a family that is separated and also suffers from the effects of war. War results into families without fathers or mothers, husbands or wives. The family that is left behind also suffers certain conditions caused by situations such as separation or death of the soldier in battle. To some families, it leads to cases of divorce and marital conflicts. This section discusses the conditions that families of military personnel are experiencing because of war. Evidence suggesting these problems are provided by the study conducted by Joshua Angrist and John Johnson regarding the effects of work-related absences on families during the Gulf War. They used data from the 1992 Survey of Officers and enlisted personnel. They estimated the divorce rates, spousal employment, and children disability rates caused by the Gulf War. The results of the showed that there were no significant increase in the disability rates in the children of the deployed soldiers. For male soldiers, the deployment of female soldiers resulted to a significant increase in divorce rates and marital dissolutions. This suggests that the deployment of female soldiers causes a strain on marriages (Angrist). In the study, the results also suggested that the husband’s work supply is not affected by the deployment of the wives in war. The extended hours given to soldiers put stress on family relationships and create conflicts between husbands and wives regarding child and house care. These conditions increase the possibility for marital dissolutions that could affect the emotional and psychological well-being of the children. These effects are further supported by the study of Ernest Burgees on the effects of war on the American family. The impact of war upon the family can clearly be observed. These effects are significant in the ongoing process of family life. The observable effects of war include the withdrawal o f men from civilian and entering the military, resulting in to an increase in socially disapproved forms of behaviors. This entrance to the military by the male civilians forces the females to seek employment and enter the industry in order to replace the men that were enlisted in the armed forces. Thus, children begin to be neglected, increasing the number of cases of juvenile delinquency, changes in marriage, divorce, and high birth rates. More serious effects of war on the American family include the increasing trend towards the companionship type of family. It also raised the status of women as a more powerful force that gives support to the family since they engage in industrial jobs that make up for the absence of their husbands. Thus, parents begin to lose their function in the family, especially in their responsibilities towards their children. This resulted to the increase in the number of nursery schools for rearing and tending the needs of children in the preschool age and the extension of government interventions for family security. The family, therefore, experiences a significant shift from being an institution to becoming a companionship type of relationship (Burgees). The number of cases on juvenile delinquency is also one of the impacts of war on military families. In countries such as Canada and England, there has been a 40 to 50 percent increase in the number of youth related violence compared with the pre war years. In the United States, this situation is also manifested in Chicago and in Los Angeles where number of youth crimes have been increasing. This suggests that the effects are caused by the absence of a father, older brother, older sister, or mother figure in the family set up because of their deployment in the military or because of the need to work (344). The family shifts from the institutional to the companionship type because of the increasing number of fathers that are deployed in the military. The companionship type family is more modern since it is a contrast of the institutional, patriarchal type. Family members are no longer subordinates but are now free to engage in self-expression, since this type stresses the interpersonal basis of modern matrimony (347). Even wives of military personnel are exposed to psychological and mental disorders as much as their husbands who are at the front lines. In a study, the effects of combat trauma were investigated. The implications of combat-induced psychopathology were examined. The conditions investigated were wartime combat stress reaction (CSR) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The results showed that in a sample of 205 wives of Israeli combat veterans of the 1982 Lebanon war, both CSR and PTSD were associated with increased psychiatric symptoms manifested. PTSD was found to contribute to the wives’ social impairment in a number of contests such as feelings of loneliness, impaired marital and family relations, which extends to a wider range of their social networks (Solomon, et al. ). Hardships in the Modern Military Society In a report prepared by Kari Huus of MSNBC, the condition of American soldiers were revealed through testimonies given by families and other persons about the extended time of deployment given to enlisted personnel. According to the report, the U.  S military has stretched thin its military personnel after more than four years in Iraq and six years in Afghanistan. During this time, military personnel were repeatedly deployed in the warzone with decreasing dwell times between their postings have reached its toll on the families and loved ones of the personnel. Families are beginning to feel exhausted and stressed because of the separation that has been happening more frequently. Anxiety is also one of the problems experienced by families who are always waiting for phone calls from their loved one. According to one testimony by a wife of a soldier, she experiences fears of the worst kind as she imagines what if the calls would stop. The possibility that this would happen is when someone in the company has been killed and all phone lines are to be cut off until the closest kin to the dead personnel has been notified. The prolonged conflicts involved with the United States has forced it army to repeatedly deploy soldiers in the warzone. According to military experts, this sort of scenario was never intended to reach this level. As a result, soldiers begin to experience hallucinations and different psychological disorders which lead some military personnel to take their own life. The children of military fathers also suffer since they seem to sense a number of changes in their fathers after they have gone home after their deployment (Huus). Conclusions As stated in the previous pages, war is basically a duel between two opposing forces in order to resolve a conflict. The only difference is that war is being done in a massive scale. The consequences of this conflict are manifested in the lives of the members of the military society, particularly on the soldiers and their families. The impact of war on the soldiers consists of psychological and mental difficulties such as battle, fatigue, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. These conditions tend to endure in their lives even after the war, which can cause disturbances in other aspects of their lives, most especially on their families. As much what the soldiers are suffering, families left behind by soldiers also suffer emotional and psychological difficulties. Marital relationships have the potential to encounter problems and children also suffer from the absence of their father, mother, or older sibling, brought about by war. The studies and other literature in this paper suggest that the introduction of new interventions regarding troop deployment should be sought, as well as securing the emotional and psychological well-being of soldiers and families, while many still question the significance of war on the development of the society.

Nutritional Sources and Salinity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2546 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Nutrition Essay Did you like this example? Abstract In the laboratory, Serratia marcescens was utilized to test Growth and Prodigiosin production under various environmental factors. The environmental conditions were temperature, pH, oxygen availability, nutritional sources, and salinity. The temperatures tested were 4 degrees Celsius, 25 degrees Celsius, and 65 degrees Celsius, and the pH values were (3, 7, 11). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nutritional Sources and Salinity" essay for you Create order The carbon source was maltose and glucose. The salinity measurements consisted of 0.1% NaCl, 1.0% NaCl, and 3.0% NaCl. Lastly, the oxygen requirement was tested by using two groups, one group was tested using aeration (shaking), and one group was tested with no aeration (no shaking). The results indicate that optimal growth was experienced at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, a pH of 7, NaCl concentration of 0.1% and no aeration. Prodigiosin production was affected under most of the same conditions, for example, it experienced optimal growth at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, a pH of 7, and the same carbon source. However, results differ because Prodigiosin production experiences a higher rate at a salt concentration of 3% NaCl, and, under conditions of no aeration. Introduction Serratia marcescens is a pathogenic bacterium that invades humans and mimics the red color of blood making it hard to detect. S. marcescens was once considered a harmless saprophyte, which is a type of microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter. However, S. marcescens is now recognized as a significant opportunistic pathogen which has a tendency to create healthcare related infection and antimicrobial resistance (Herra and Falkiner 1984). Prodigiosin is an antifungal red pigment produced by S. marcescens, it holds antibacterial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, however, it is used primarily as a biochemical tool (NCBI 2014). Although bacteria are highly adaptable in nature, which is why they are found in nearly every place on earth, certain environmental conditions affect optimal growth for different types of bacteria. For instance, most disease-causing bacteria thrive in warm temperatures, which is why the human body provides an ideal environment for many types of bacteria to grow. On the other hand, some bacteria are able to survive in freezing temperatures of 5 degrees Celsius, yet other types of bacteria would not survive in temperatures below 60 degrees Celsius (Wagner 2008). In another way, optimal growth of bacteria is affected by pH. pH is used to classify the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, pH values range from 1.0 (very acidic) to 14.0 (very basic). Most bacterium grow best around a neutral pH value (7). However, some bacteria thrive in very basic conditions, yet some can tolerate a pH of 1.0 (Blamire 2000). Carbon sources also play a significant role in the growth of bacteria. Carbon is known as the structural backbone of organic compounds, and each carbon source may support different bacterial growth rates. Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in an amount of water, the percent of sodium chloride present in the solution used for this lab accounts for the salinity. Because bacteria are extraordinarily diverse, certain types of bacteria thrive in salty environments while others do not. For example, research suggests that S. Marcescens is highly adaptable to salty environments and can continue to reproduce under harsh conditions (classified as 80 g/L) and extreme conditions (classified as 100 g/L salt concentrations) (Ketola and Hiltunen 2014). On the other hand, oxygen requirements, also known as aeration or no aeration play an important role in the growth of bacteria. Aeration is believed to stimulate the growth of bacteria because it provides much needed oxygen to the environment f or bacteria to use for growth and development (Mattick 1940). Such environmental conditions affect the metabolic functioning of bacteria, and as a result the growth of the cell. S. marcescens is a bacterium which, like many others, requires a relatively warm temperature, neutral pH, and a low salt concentration to experience optimal growth. The objectives of this laboratory are to develop an experiment which will test the impact of environmental conditions on the growth of S. Marcescens and prodigiosin, to understand how different experimental conditions affect bacterial growth and prodigiosin production, and to gain a better understanding of the stages of the bacterial growth curve the production of prodigiosin throughout the growth cycle of S. Marcescens. In order to address each objective, students were separated into groups and each group focused on one environmental condition. This allowed each group to fully test and experiment the possible implications of their environmental condition. For each group, a proper lab protocol was created and followed accordingly. After testing the condition through a series of experiments, each group recorded their dat a and made it available to all other groups. In order to obtain the most thorough results possible, and to ensure the experiment was carried out as accurately as possible, it is important to generate hypotheses which can be compared to the acquired end results. For instance, the null hypothesis for temperature expects that temperature will not have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. While the alternative hypothesis for temperature expects that temperature will have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for pH expects that pH values will not have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. And, the alternative hypothesis claims pH values will have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for the carbon source condition expects that different carbon sources will not have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. While the alternative hypothesis for the carbon source condition expects that carbon sources will cause an increase or decrease on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for the NaCl concentration condition, also known as salinity, expects that sodium chloride concentrations will not affect the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. However, the alternative hypothesis expects that differing sodium chloride concentrations will cause and increase/decrease on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for the oxygen requirement Suggests that there will be no difference in the growth of S. marcescens and Prodigiosin production due to aeration or no aeration. While the alternative hypothesis suggests that depending on the condition, aeration or no aeration, an effect on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production will occur. The null hypothesis in each condition suggests that no change will occur, regardless of the environmental condition. The primary purpose of the null hypothesis is for scientists to reject or disprove it, it is impossible to accept the null hypothesis, in a scenario where the null hypothesis is not rejected, it would simply be said that it failed to be rejected. And, the alterative hypothesis is simply the opposite of the null hypothesis. Materials and Methods The environmental condition tested in this experiment was oxygen requirement. The oxygen requirement refers to the practice of using aeration (shaking) or no aeration (no shaking) during the experiment. Aeration is important because it provides oxygen to bacteria, and it is commonly believed that aeration helps to increase optimal growth/prodigiosin production. In order to carry out this experiment and to test the effects of aeration/no aeration, the lab group had to utilize a machine called a Spectrophotometer. Sterile technique was used to remove 2mL of fresh media which was then pipetted into two cuvettes and set as blanks. Sterile technique was used again to remove 2 ml of each of the S. Marcescens cultures, Culture a which was shaken at 30 C, and Culture b which was not shaken at 30 C, into a cuvette. The spectrophotometer was set to 499 wavelength and measurements were recorded for each culture group after blanking. Next, the spectrophotometer was set to read absorbances at 600 wavelength and measurements were recorded for each culture after blanking. These steps were repeated every 30 minutes for the course of 180 minutes. Finally, after obtaining all necessary measurements, each S. Marcescens culture was returned to their respective incubators. The full dataset obtained through this group can be found in Figures 5 10. This group found that bacterial growth was higher when no aeration was implemented, and prodigiosin production experienced a higher rate during no aeration as well. The equation A499/(OD600 x 5.8108 cell/ml x 2 ml)= units of prodigiosin per cell was utilized to calculate prodigiosin production. Results The graphs pictured above show a complete summary of all the data collected throughout the experiment. Each graph shows data points that were collected and recorded every 30 minutes throughout the testing period, for both Growth and Prodigiosin Production. For temperature, the graph (Figure 1) indicates that optimal bacterial growth was reached at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Yet, growth was more consistent at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, this in agreement with the idea that most bacteria tend to thrive in environments of higher temperatures. However, consistency alone is not effective at drawing a proper conclusion, so due to the growth curve, 25 degrees provides for optimal growth. Likewise, optimal growth was reached when the pH stayed at 7 consistently. This result was expected as many bacteria, including S. marcescens, thrive in neutral conditions. And, S. marcescens remained constant throughout the carbon source experiment, there was no rapid increase/decrease o f S. marcescens, this can be expected due to the fact that carbon is a substance found in all organic matter and is the backbone of all living organisms. Next, it was revealed that optimal growth was reached when the concentration of NaCl was at 0.1% NaCl, again, this is expected as most bacteria are not able to survive in environments that are high in NaCl. Lastly, it was determined that S. marcescens reached optimal growth under conditions of no aeration, this is different than what was expected as it is believed that aeration provides stimulation for growing bacteria. Prodigiosin production experienced a more significant increase at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius and a pH of 7, the same temperature and pH which was consistent with optimal bacterial growth. And, carbon source also remained the same throughout this part of the experiment. However, salinity experienced a significant shift, for instance, growth was more optimal at an NaCl concentration of 0.1%, yet prodigiosin production experienced a higher rate at 3.0% NaCl. While prodigiosin production did decrease with aeration, there was a more significant decrease in no aeration, this is contradictive to the Aeration vs. Growth graph, and in agreement with scientific research. Discussion The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of various environmental conditions and on the growth and Prodigiosin production of S. Marcescens. In order to efficiently and accurately detect any possible change that these environmental conditions had we composed two different hypotheses, a null and an alternative. The null hypotheses suggest that the various factors would not significantly alter the amount of growth or Prodigiosin production. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis speculated that each of the environmental conditions would significantly change the growth or Prodigiosin production of the S. Marcescens in comparison to the bacterial scientific conventional wisdom. While this numerical change in the alternative hypothesis was not initially mentioned, it would later be calculated following the completion of the experiment. Following the experiment and analysis of data, the results were both revealing and expected. In the end, each of the environmental con ditions had an effect on growth and Prodigiosin production, some of these effects were expected, while others came as a surprise, such as the observation that no aeration provided more optimal growth for S. Marcescens. As it was aforementioned in the results paragraph, some of the manipulated variables yielded results parallel to the umbrella beliefs on optimal bacteria growth. The S. Marcescens had the highest optimal growth when exposed to a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius (Figure 1). It was revealed that optimal growth occurred at 65 degrees Celsius, and at a pH of 7. This is consistent with scientific data that suggests a neutral pH and high temperature are optimal conditions for bacterial growth (Herra and Falkiner 1984). In a similar sense, results showed that optimal growth was reached at an NaCl concentration of 0.1%, this is in agreement with scientific research which states that bacteria grow best in an environment with a low salt concentration. On the other hand, it was revealed that optimal growth was reached during conditions of no aeration, which is contradictive to the idea that aeration provides important stimulation to bacteria (Mattick 1940). As for Prodigiosin production, results stayed in agreement with optimal growth, with the exception of aeration. It was revealed that the rate of Prodigiosin production experienced an increase during conditions of aeration. Difficulties that may have impacted the results of this experiment were kept at a minimum, and if any occurred, they were minor. For example, groups relied on each other to relay correct information throughout the experiment, and since each group had a different environmental condition, it was nearly impossible to indicate whether the information being relayed was correct. If a group made a slight mistake or accidentally relayed the wrong information, it is unlikely that the error would have been caught and corrected, which could result in possible errors and inaccuracies in the end. With the exception of the oxygen requirement, the growth results obtained in this experiment support the findings by others based on the literature research. As mentioned, temperature, pH, carbon sources, and salinity are in agreement with the results of others. The Prodigiosin production results are the most supportive of the findings of others, as every environmental factor is in agreement with that of other scientific data, while in the growth section, aeration was the only one that separated from a common trend in thought. In order to enhance Prodigiosin production, it would be important to increase the amount of S. Marcescens used in this laboratory experiment. The more S. Marcescens we are able to use, the more Prodigiosin production will occur, and likely the results will become more accurate. In order to continue working on this project, it would be wise to consider adding more environmental factors and to further test the ones that have already been used. For instance, it would be a good idea to test more temperatures other than the three that are being used, and to test more pH values than the current three. All conditions can be expanded on, and it would provide more information and accurate details to expand more on each one. Other nutritional requirements such as energy source, nitrogen source, and mineral source would be interesting to look at since they all provide important chemical nutrients, and by doing this, we would be able to determine more accurately the effects of the current nutritional requirements. Works Cited Blamire, John. Properties of Microbes. BIOdotEDU, 2000, www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/CellBio/Growth/MGpH.html. Herra, Celine, and Frederick Falkiner. Serratia Marcescens. Brief History of Bacillus Anthracis, www.antimicrobe.org/b26.asp. Ketola, Tarmo, and Teppo Hiltunen. Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242574/. Mattick, A. T. R., et al. AN INSULATED BOX FOR THE CARRIAGE OF MILK SAMPLES. Wiley Online Library, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 11 Mar. 2008, www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1940.tb03933.x. Prodigiosin. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Prodigiosin. Wagner, Al B. Bacterial Food Poisoning | Food Technology Processing. Wine Cup, 2008, aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/food-technology/bacterial-food-poisoning/.